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//usr/local/ssl/local/ssl/share/perl5/PerlIO.pm

package PerlIO;

our $VERSION = '1.06';

# Map layer name to package that defines it
our %alias;

sub import
{
 my $class = shift;
 while (@_)
  {
   my $layer = shift;
   if (exists $alias{$layer})
    {
     $layer = $alias{$layer}
    }
   else
    {
     $layer = "${class}::$layer";
    }
   eval "require $layer";
   warn $@ if $@;
  }
}

sub F_UTF8 () { 0x8000 }

1;
__END__

=head1 NAME

PerlIO - On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space

=head1 SYNOPSIS

open($fh,"<:crlf", "my.txt"); # support platform-native and CRLF text files

open($fh,"<","his.jpg");      # portably open a binary file for reading
  binmode($fh);

Shell:
    PERLIO=perlio perl ....

=head1 DESCRIPTION

When an undefined layer 'foo' is encountered in an C<open> or
C<binmode> layer specification then C code performs the equivalent of:

use PerlIO 'foo';

The perl code in PerlIO.pm then attempts to locate a layer by doing

require PerlIO::foo;

Otherwise the C<PerlIO> package is a place holder for additional
PerlIO related functions.

The following layers are currently defined:

=over 4

=item :unix

Lowest level layer which provides basic PerlIO operations in terms of
UNIX/POSIX numeric file descriptor calls
(open(), read(), write(), lseek(), close()).

=item :stdio

Layer which calls C<fread>, C<fwrite> and C<fseek>/C<ftell> etc.  Note
that as this is "real" stdio it will ignore any layers beneath it and
go straight to the operating system via the C library as usual.

=item :perlio

A from scratch implementation of buffering for PerlIO. Provides fast
access to the buffer for C<sv_gets> which implements perl's readline/E<lt>E<gt>
and in general attempts to minimize data copying.

C<:perlio> will insert a C<:unix> layer below itself to do low level IO.

=item :crlf

A layer that implements DOS/Windows like CRLF line endings.  On read
converts pairs of CR,LF to a single "\n" newline character.  On write
converts each "\n" to a CR,LF pair.  Note that this layer likes to be
one of its kind: it silently ignores attempts to be pushed into the
layer stack more than once.

It currently does I<not> mimic MS-DOS as far as treating of Control-Z
as being an end-of-file marker.

(Gory details follow) To be more exact what happens is this: after
pushing itself to the stack, the C<:crlf> layer checks all the layers
below itself to find the first layer that is capable of being a CRLF
layer but is not yet enabled to be a CRLF layer.  If it finds such a
layer, it enables the CRLFness of that other deeper layer, and then
pops itself off the stack.  If not, fine, use the one we just pushed.

The end result is that a C<:crlf> means "please enable the first CRLF
layer you can find, and if you can't find one, here would be a good
spot to place a new one."

Based on the C<:perlio> layer.

=item :mmap

A layer which implements "reading" of files by using C<mmap()> to
make a (whole) file appear in the process's address space, and then
using that as PerlIO's "buffer". This I<may> be faster in certain
circumstances for large files, and may result in less physical memory
use when multiple processes are reading the same file.

Files which are not C<mmap()>-able revert to behaving like the C<:perlio>
layer. Writes also behave like the C<:perlio> layer, as C<mmap()> for write
needs extra house-keeping (to extend the file) which negates any advantage.

The C<:mmap> layer will not exist if the platform does not support C<mmap()>.

=item :utf8

Declares that the stream accepts perl's I<internal> encoding of
characters.  (Which really is UTF-8 on ASCII machines, but is
UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC machines.)  This allows any character perl can
represent to be read from or written to the stream. The UTF-X encoding
is chosen to render simple text parts (i.e.  non-accented letters,
digits and common punctuation) human readable in the encoded file.

Here is how to write your native data out using UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC)
and then read it back in.

open(F, ">:utf8", "data.utf");
	print F $out;
	close(F);

open(F, "<:utf8", "data.utf");
	$in = <F>;
	close(F);

Note that this layer does not validate byte sequences. For reading
input, using C<:encoding(utf8)> instead of bare C<:utf8> is strongly
recommended.

=item :bytes

This is the inverse of the C<:utf8> layer. It turns off the flag
on the layer below so that data read from it is considered to
be "octets" i.e. characters in the range 0..255 only. Likewise
on output perl will warn if a "wide" character is written
to a such a stream.

=item :raw

The C<:raw> layer is I<defined> as being identical to calling
C<binmode($fh)> - the stream is made suitable for passing binary data,
i.e. each byte is passed as-is. The stream will still be
buffered.

In Perl 5.6 and some books the C<:raw> layer (previously sometimes also
referred to as a "discipline") is documented as the inverse of the
C<:crlf> layer. That is no longer the case - other layers which would
alter the binary nature of the stream are also disabled.  If you want UNIX
line endings on a platform that normally does CRLF translation, but still
want UTF-8 or encoding defaults, the appropriate thing to do is to add
C<:perlio> to the PERLIO environment variable.

The implementation of C<:raw> is as a pseudo-layer which when "pushed"
pops itself and then any layers which do not declare themselves as suitable
for binary data. (Undoing :utf8 and :crlf are implemented by clearing
flags rather than popping layers but that is an implementation detail.)

As a consequence of the fact that C<:raw> normally pops layers,
it usually only makes sense to have it as the only or first element in
a layer specification.  When used as the first element it provides
a known base on which to build e.g.

open($fh,":raw:utf8",...)

will construct a "binary" stream, but then enable UTF-8 translation.

=item :pop

A pseudo layer that removes the top-most layer. Gives perl code
a way to manipulate the layer stack. Should be considered
as experimental. Note that C<:pop> only works on real layers
and will not undo the effects of pseudo layers like C<:utf8>.
An example of a possible use might be:

open($fh,...)
    ...
    binmode($fh,":encoding(...)");  # next chunk is encoded
    ...
    binmode($fh,":pop");            # back to un-encoded

A more elegant (and safer) interface is needed.

=item :win32

On Win32 platforms this I<experimental> layer uses the native "handle" IO
rather than the unix-like numeric file descriptor layer. Known to be
buggy as of perl 5.8.2.

=back

=head2 Custom Layers

It is possible to write custom layers in addition to the above builtin
ones, both in C/XS and Perl.  Two such layers (and one example written
in Perl using the latter) come with the Perl distribution.

=over 4

=item :encoding

Use C<:encoding(ENCODING)> either in open() or binmode() to install
a layer that transparently does character set and encoding transformations,
for example from Shift-JIS to Unicode.  Note that under C<stdio>
an C<:encoding> also enables C<:utf8>.  See L<PerlIO::encoding>
for more information.

=item :via

Use C<:via(MODULE)> either in open() or binmode() to install a layer
that does whatever transformation (for example compression /
decompression, encryption / decryption) to the filehandle.
See L<PerlIO::via> for more information.

=back

=head2 Alternatives to raw

To get a binary stream an alternate method is to use:

open($fh,"whatever")
    binmode($fh);

this has the advantage of being backward compatible with how such things have
had to be coded on some platforms for years.

To get an unbuffered stream specify an unbuffered layer (e.g. C<:unix>)
in the open call:

open($fh,"<:unix",$path)

=head2 Defaults and how to override them

If the platform is MS-DOS like and normally does CRLF to "\n"
translation for text files then the default layers are :

unix crlf

(The low level "unix" layer may be replaced by a platform specific low
level layer.)

Otherwise if C<Configure> found out how to do "fast" IO using the system's
stdio, then the default layers are:

unix stdio

Otherwise the default layers are

unix perlio

These defaults may change once perlio has been better tested and tuned.

The default can be overridden by setting the environment variable
PERLIO to a space separated list of layers (C<unix> or platform low
level layer is always pushed first).

This can be used to see the effect of/bugs in the various layers e.g.

cd .../perl/t
  PERLIO=stdio  ./perl harness
  PERLIO=perlio ./perl harness

For the various values of PERLIO see L<perlrun/PERLIO>.

=head2 Querying the layers of filehandles

The following returns the B<names> of the PerlIO layers on a filehandle.

my @layers = PerlIO::get_layers($fh); # Or FH, *FH, "FH".

The layers are returned in the order an open() or binmode() call would
use them.  Note that the "default stack" depends on the operating
system and on the Perl version, and both the compile-time and
runtime configurations of Perl.

The following table summarizes the default layers on UNIX-like and
DOS-like platforms and depending on the setting of C<$ENV{PERLIO}>:

PERLIO     UNIX-like                   DOS-like
 ------     ---------                   --------
 unset / "" unix perlio / stdio [1]     unix crlf
 stdio      unix perlio / stdio [1]     stdio
 perlio     unix perlio                 unix perlio
 mmap       unix mmap                   unix mmap

# [1] "stdio" if Configure found out how to do "fast stdio" (depends
 # on the stdio implementation) and in Perl 5.8, otherwise "unix perlio"

By default the layers from the input side of the filehandle are
returned; to get the output side, use the optional C<output> argument:

my @layers = PerlIO::get_layers($fh, output => 1);

(Usually the layers are identical on either side of a filehandle but
for example with sockets there may be differences, or if you have
been using the C<open> pragma.)

There is no set_layers(), nor does get_layers() return a tied array
mirroring the stack, or anything fancy like that.  This is not
accidental or unintentional.  The PerlIO layer stack is a bit more
complicated than just a stack (see for example the behaviour of C<:raw>).
You are supposed to use open() and binmode() to manipulate the stack.

B<Implementation details follow, please close your eyes.>

The arguments to layers are by default returned in parentheses after
the name of the layer, and certain layers (like C<utf8>) are not real
layers but instead flags on real layers; to get all of these returned
separately, use the optional C<details> argument:

my @layer_and_args_and_flags = PerlIO::get_layers($fh, details => 1);

The result will be up to be three times the number of layers:
the first element will be a name, the second element the arguments
(unspecified arguments will be C<undef>), the third element the flags,
the fourth element a name again, and so forth.

B<You may open your eyes now.>

=head1 AUTHOR

Nick Ing-Simmons E<lt>nick@ing-simmons.netE<gt>

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<perlfunc/"binmode">, L<perlfunc/"open">, L<perlunicode>, L<perliol>,
L<Encode>

=cut